Q-basic Problem (WAP-to-find-even-odd-eligible-for-vote-or-not-divisible-greater-isoceles)

Q-basic Problem (WAP-to-find-even-odd-eligible-for-vote-or-not-divisible-greater-isoceles)

1. Write a program to input the age of the person and check whether the person is eligible to vote.

CLS

INPUT "Enter your age"; A

IF A >= 18 THEN

PRINT "You are eligible to vote"

END IF

END

2. Write a program to input any number and check whether the number is even or odd.

CLS

INPUT "Enter any number"; NUM

IF NUM MOD 2= 0 THEN

PRINT "The given number is even"

ELSE

PRINT "The given number is odd"

END IF

END

3. Write a program to input the age of a person and check whether the person is eligible to vote or not.

CLS

INPUT "Enter age of person"; A

IF A >=18 THEN

PRINT "Person is eligible to vote"

ELSE

PRINT "Person is not eligible to vote"

END IF

END

4. Write a program to display whether the given number is exactly divisible or not.

CLS

INPUT "Enter any number"; N

IFN MOD 7= 0 THEN

PRINT "The given number is exactly divisible by 7"

ELSE

PRINT "The given number is not exactly divisible by 7"

END IF

END

5. Write a program to display the greatest number among any three different numbers.

CLS

INPUT "Enter the first number"; N1

INPUT "Enter the second number"; N2

INPUT "Enter the third number"; N3

IF N1>N2 AND N1>N3 THEN

PRINT "The greatest number is"; N1 ELSEIF N2>N1 AND N2>N3 THEN

PRINT "The greatest number is"; N2

ELSE

PRINT "The greatest number is"; N3

END IF

END

6. Write a program to input three sides of a triangle and display whether the triangle is equilateral, isosceles, or scalene.

CLS

INPUT "Enter the first side"; A

INPUT "Enter the second side"; B

INPUT "Enter the third side";C

IF A=B AND B=C AND C=A THEN

PRINT "The triangle is equilateral"

ELSEIF A<>B AND B<>CAND C<>A THEN

PRINT "The triangle is scalene"

ELSE

PRINT "The triangle is isosceles"

END IF

END

What is the best online payment system? Online-payment-gateway-in-Nepal

What is the best online payment system? Online-payment-gateway-in-Nepal

Online payment gateway in Nepal

An international online payment gateway from Nepal just started at the end of 2017 provides a safe, secure and easy payment solution. Both Visa and MasterCard have accepted credit cards for online payment gateways in Nepal.

The most used online payment gateways in Nepal are:

1. Esewa: It is a trusted and recognized Internet payment service provider offering all types of online payment solutions operating since 2009.
2.  Khalti: It is known as an online payment provider for services as mobile balance recharging, bill payments, and online ticket booking.
3. I pay: It is used as an online payment service provider that allows for easy payments of utility bills and mobile balance top-ups.
4.  Qpay: It has revolutionized the mobile payment option into a user-friendly and simple payment gateway or payment application. 
5. nPay: It is an online payment service provider that works together with the banks for an easy setup of the payment gateway. Focusing on m-banking, e-banking and accepts credit and debit cards.
6. IME Pay: It is known as the mobile payment service in Nepal, IME Pay allows its consumers to pay easily and safely by mobile. Payments such as utility bills, money transfers, mobile top-up, and even the withdrawal of cash at local IME agents are possible.
7. ePay: It is an e-payment or electronic payment system from where no bank account is needed, it allows for a fast and safe payment from cash to digital.
8. PayWay: It is a basic online payment service provider that allows merchants to integrate a payment gateway into their website.

Types Of E-Commerce

Types of E-Commerce

It can be run in different models. The three basic types of E-Commerce are:

1. Business-to-Business (B2B) 
2. Business-to-Customer (B2C)
3. Customer -to-Customer (C2C)

Business to Business (B2B)

Business to Business E-Commerce activity between business companies. The transactions are usually carried out through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in B2B. EDI is an automated format of exchanging information between businesses over private networks. The individual customer cannot buy from this type of E-Commerce. Manufacturers and wholesalers typically operate with this type of Electronic Commerce.

Business to Customer (B2C)

Business to Customer (B2C) is an E-Commerce activity that is focused on customers. It establishes the electronic business relationships between the business organization and the final customer. It corresponds to the retail section of E-Commerce. The E-Commerce website is the main platform where all the business transactions take place between a business organization and customer directly in B2C. For instance, a book retailer would be a B2C company such as Amazon.com.

Customer to Customer (C2C)

Customer to Customer (C2C) is an E-Commerce activity, which uses an auction-style model or is conducted between customers. It enables customers to directly deal with each other. The transactions are conducted via an online platform where the transactions are actually carried out. E-Commerce websites help customer to sell their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. The website may or may not charge the customer for its services. Hamrobaza com is an example of a C2C website in Nepal. The other example of this is peer auction giant, E Bay.

M-Commerce (MobilE-Commerce)

M-commerce (MobilE-Commerce) is the extended version of E-Commerce. It is the buying and selling of goods and services through wireless technology i.e., handheld devices such as smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDA). It is also known as next-generation E-Commerce. The content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable for digital commerce transactions. This includes purchases on websites or apps, paying for travel, hotel, events or bills, or any type of commerce The examples of m-commerce are purchasing airline tickets, top-up charges, fun transfer, purchasing movie tickets, balance inquiry, utility payment, and restaurant hotel booking and reservation. 

Online Payment

Online payment or E-Payment refers to money that is exchanged electronically. I payment collected over the Internet is accepting online payment. Online payment is the transaction that results in the transfer of monetary funds from the customer ban or credit card account to a bank account. It is one of the major components of an E-Commerce transaction. It is the payment for buying goods or services through the Internet using different online payment gateway.

The typical online payment process has the following stages:

1. The customer submits the payment information to the merchant. For example, the customer completes the payment form on the merchant website and submits the information
2. The merchant submits the payment information to the online payment gateway.
3. The online payment gateway submits the payment to the payment processor.
4. The payment processor authorizes the payment and responds to the payment gateway
5. The payment gateway responds back to the merchant
6. The merchant responds back to the customer showing if the online payment was successful or not and taking the appropriate action.

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Business Opportunity Of Social Media And Its Threats

Business Opportunity Of Social Media And Its Threats

Opportunities of Social Media

Social media may take the form of a variety of tech-enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social networks, video sharing, business networks, virtual worlds, etc. Governments and politicians use social media to engage with constituents and voters. Social media is used to keep in touch with friends and family individuals. People will use various social media applications to network career opportunities and share their thoughts, feelings, insight, and emotions. Social media is an indispensable tool for business. Companies use the platform to find and engage with customers, drive sales through advertising and promotion, and offer customer service or support.

Some of the opportunities and benefits of social media are as follow:

1. Revenue

The most apparent opportunity is to generate revenue. This can be done through advertising products services within the social media platform. To advertise on social media, the ads can be linked to media pages or websites. This can be able to benefit from social media without needing to channel.

2. Brand development

Using social media allows customers to connect and interact with businesses on a more personal. If you already have an established brand, social media might be an opportunity to further develop the brand.

3. Target audience

Customers can find you through social media platforms. We can choose to maintain a presence on particular platforms that are in line with the target audience. For example, by targeting young people you could reach them through Snapchat. If seeking business customers, LinkedIn may be the best channel.

4. Customer interaction

You can deliver improved customer service and respond effectively to feedback. Positive feedback is public and can be persuasive to other potential customers. Negative feedback highlights areas for improvement.

5. Attracting customers

Social media can be a good way of attracting new customers. For example, when considering social media campaigns, you could try to attract followers with promotions or giveaways. Once you have a good following you can focus on more personalized social media campaigns to encourage them to stay.

Social Media Threats

Social media is a collection of Internet-based websites that promote the personal and business-focused interaction of individuals worldwide. There are many threats or risks with the popularity of social media. They are:

A. Social engineering

Social media platforms allow attackers to find personal information that can be used to target specific individuals. Using information from employee profiles, a plausible fake account can be created to establish trust over time. Once the trust is built, the attacker foursquare might start asking for specific information, like internal server names, project names, open an infected document, or visit a prepared website that will drop a backdoor onto their computer.

b. Targeted phishing attacks 

Such attacks are carried out to steal money or confidential information. This social media threat is an example of social engineering tactics, whereby attackers exploit fear and anxiety, instead of system vulnerability to get users to part with their money. Since these attacks are so specific and targeted, the chances of success are higher.

c. Fake accounts

The seriousness of social media threats gets underscored when one considers that the fake account, in this case, was successful in connecting with hundreds of people from various organizations, including military, government, and security firms.

d. Social media used for spreading spam and malware

Social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook are often used to spread malware. The growing popularity of shortened URLs is also giving rise to several social media threats. Cybercriminals often mask their links with a short URL, making it difficult for them to identify whether it is pointing to a legitimate or malicious site. This threat is a real possibility for social bookmarking and microblogging sites, which are used to spread links and news in a very short period.

e. Confidential information leak

The scariest of social media threats is where employees start revealing seemingly uncritical technical information to the public. This could be a Twitter comment stating that the user is fed up configuring a particular firewall product at work or a status message indicating that the user finally found a way around a Web proxy product being used, and is now able to post to his profile again. An attacker could use this information to identify the security software of the user or the company.

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Types Of Computer (Classification-Of-Computer-On-The-Basis-Of-Size)

Types Of Computer (Classification-Of-Computer-On-The-Basis-Of-Size)

There are various types of computers based on size. But, mainly there are four types of computers. They are:

1. Super Computer
2. Mainframe Computer 
3. Mini Computer
4. Micro Computer

Super Computer

Supercomputers are the fastest computer. It is a digital computer with very processing with many processors. The same computer can be shared using the terminals. It has very storage capacities. It is very expensive and very large in size too. Supercomputers are used for very complex types of processing like weather forecasting, nuclear science research, etc.

They are fast processing with multi-user and multi-processor large computers of the very difficult and complex problem within nanoseconds. The word length of this computer is 64 bits. 

Example: CRAY X-MP-14, PARAM, etc,

Application of Supre Computer

1. They are used for weather forecasting.
2. They are used in military research and defense systems.
3. They are used for digital film rendering.
4. They are used to study DNA structure and genetic engineering.
5. They are used in automobiles, aircraft, and spacecraft design.
6. They are used in seismography, plasma, and nuclear research.

Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computers are smaller than a supercomputer. This is also very expensive and with very high speed. It supports about 100 users. It also contains more than one processor and can process the jobs simultaneously. It is also a multi-user computer system. This computer is not so popular these days.

It is a powerful multi-user computer used in large organizations such as businesses, industries, defense, etc. It can respond to any number of requests at a time. It uses several CPUs for data processing. More than 100 users can use it at a time because it works in time-sharing mode. Its word length is 48 bits to 64 bits. IBM built the first Mainframe Computer System/ 360, in 1964.

Application of Mainframe Computer

1. Electronic card processing
2. Bank management system
3. Marketing and advertisement 
4. Air traffic control system 
5. Industries and automation
6. Population census

Mini Computer

Mini-Computers are mid-range computers. Most of these types of computers are replaced by a client-server model nowadays. These computers can support about 20/25 users. Mini-computes are more powerful than microcomputers. It is costly than microcomputers. It is also used in universities, large business organizations to process complex data. It is also used in scientific research, engineering analysis and industrial proceed monitoring and control. Examples of these computers are PSP-11, VAX, etc.

Micro Computer 

A microcomputer is a computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. They are physically small compared to mainframe and minicomputers. Many microcomputers  (when equipped with a keyboard and screen for input and output) are also personal computers. 

The abbreviation "micro'' was common during the 1970s and 1980s but has now fallen out of common usage. Most notably, the microcomputer replaced the many separate components that made up of the mini computer's CPU with one integrated microprocessor chip. Microprocessors and semiconductor memory became less expensive so that microcomputers in turn grew cheaper and easier to use. Monitors keyboards and other devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer memory in the form of RAM and at least one other less volatile, memory storage service is usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard, and various input/output devices used to convey information to and from human operators (printers, monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or hardware to concurrently serve more than one user.

Desktop Computer

A desktop computer is a personal computer is a form intended for regular use at a single location, as opposed to a mobile laptop or portable computer. Before the widespread use of microprocessors, a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small. Desktop computers come in a variety of types ranging from large to small. ''Desktop'' can also indicate a  horizontally-oriented computer case usually intended to have the display screen placed on the top to save space on the desktop. Most modern desktop computers have separate screens and keyboards. 

The desktop has the advantage over laptops in that the spare parts and extensions tend to be standardized and upgraded to a greated\r extent too. This tends not to be the case for laptops, though adding or replacing some parts, like the optical drive, hard disk, and adding an extra memory module is often quite simple.

Laptop 

A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use. A laptop integrates most of the typical components of a desktop, a pointing device (a touchpad, also known as a trackpad, and/or a pointing stick), and speakers into a single unit. A laptop is powered by mains electricity via an AC adapter and can be used away from an outlet using a rechargeable battery. A laptop battery in new condition typically stores enough energy to run the laptop for three to five hours, depending on the computer usage configuration and power management settings. When the laptop is plugged into the mainline, the battery charges, whether or not the computer is running.

 Portable computers, originally monochrome CRT- based and developing into the modern laptop. ere originally considered to be a small market, mostly for specialized field applications such as the military, accountants, and sales representatives. As portable computers became smaller, lighter, and cheaper and as screens became larger and better quality, laptops became very widely used for all sorts of purposes.

PAD (Personal Digital Assistants)

A small-sized portable hand-held electronic device that has all the features of personal computers is called PDA. It has input, processing, storage, and output capability like the other microcomputers. This is used for diaries, calendars, address books, etc. We can transfer data from PDA. A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a palmtop computer, or personal data assistant, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. Many PDAs can access the internet, intranets, or extranets via Wi-Fi or Wireless Wide Area Networks.

Tablet

Tablet is a portable computer that uses a touch screen as its primary input device. Tablets are less functional than laptops so it is cheaper. It is more portable and easy to carry on. It has touch and multi-figure gestures. IPad, Samsung, ZTE are the brand of tablets.

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Multimedia (Definition-Characteristics-Types-Of-Multimedia-In-Details)

Multimedia (Definition-Characteristics-Types-Of-Multimedia-Explained-In-Details)

Multimedia

The combination of two or more media is called multimedia. Multimedia is media and content that uses a combination of different content forms. The term is used in contrast to media that only use traditionally printed or hand-produced materials.

Multimedia includes a combination of the following things:

• Text 
• Graphics
• Image
• Music
• Video
• Animation video
• Interactivity content forms

Tay Vaughan declared "Multimedia as the combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video that is delivered by computer.

Characteristics of Multimedia are :

1. Multimedia presentations can be viewed on stage, projected, transmitted, and played locally with a media player.
2. Boarcasts and recordings can be either analog to digital electronic media technology.
3. The various formats of technological or digital multimedia may be intended to enhance the user's experience.
4. Online multimedia is increasingly becoming object applications with collaborative end-user innovation and personalization on multiple forms of content over time.

Types of Multimedia are:

Text

 Its features are:

• Text mostly or widely used and flexible means of presenting information on-screen and conveying ideas.
• Text is an essential aspect of presenting the information.
• Like each element of the multimedia design, effective use of text can either direct user's/readers attention or divert it.
• Text is used in HTML and javascript to create contents on the internet that help in conveying the information to the users using the internet. 
• They are used in writing novel stories etc. using word processing software.
• Different font styles can be incorporated for designing eye-catching titles.
• Different word processing software such as notepad, WordPad is used to write text on PC.

Audio 

Its features are:

• Audio refers to sound. Multimedia can include files that contain sounds.
• Audio songs also come under the heading multimedia.
• Multimedia presentations often have some audio tracts which make it easier for people to understand.
• Multimedia phones have music players to run audio music.
• Various audio software includes a VLC media player, real player, etc.
• The extension of various audio files is .mp3. wav. m4a etc.

Pictures 

Its features are:

• Picture (image) is a two-dimensional screen display and a three-dimensional such as a statue or hologram.
• Graphs, pie charts, painting, etc. all come under images. Multimedia presentations use pictures or clip-art to make people understand. 
• Various file formats of images are .jpg. png. gif etc.
• Pictures are used to enhance the concept by including visible elements that push the topic to a server end.
• Windows photo viewers google photos etc. are some popular applications for displaying images.

Video

Its features are:

• The embedding of video in the multimedia application is a powerful way to convey information that can incorporate a personal element that other media lack.
• A video is a combination of moving objects in a frame and various audios attached to it.
• Video enhances, dramatizes, and gives impact to your multimedia application. 
• The advantage of integrating video into a multimedia presentation is the capacity to effectively convey a great deal of information in the least amount of time/
• VLC media player, windows, media player are popular examples of video playing software .mp4, .mkv, .wmv are some extensions of video files.

Animation

Its features are:

• Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement.
• Animation adds visual impact to the multimedia project.
• Animation is used in cartoons, scientific visualization.
• Maya animation, tinkercard, etc. are used for making animated videos.

What is E-Commerce? Definition-advantages-History-benefits-of-E-Commerce.

What is E-Commerce? Definition-advantages-History-benefits-of-E-Commerce.

E-Commerce

E-Commerce is a business transaction that involves the transfer of information through the Internet. It is the use of the Internet as a platform for information exchange and monetary transactions. It means using the Internet and the web for business transactions and commercial transactions. It typically involves the exchange of value (money) across organizations or individuals in return for products and services. Hence, it is the electronic transaction such as buying, selling, and exchanging of goods, services, and information over the Internet. It consists of electronic retailing, electronic data interchange, and electronic fund transfer. Reducing cost, lowering the product cycle time, faster customer response, and delivering better quality service is the main goal of E-Commerce. There are many popular Nepalese online shopping sites such as daraz.com.np. netplay. com, BhatBhatenionline.com, Metrotarkari.com, kinmel.com. np, hamrobazaar.com, muncha.com, and many more. We can buy online and pay through different local payment gateways like e-Sewa, Khalti, or cash on delivery model. It is a modern business methodology that addresses the different drawbacks of traditional commerce. So, it refers to the paperless exchange of business information. People now are not only just using the Internet for gathering information, leisure, or socializing online but also at the same time they are seeking measures to conduct business. Even popular social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. allow people to promote and sell products and services online.

History of E-Commerce

Online shopping, an important component of electronic commerce was invented by Michael Aldrich in the UK in 1979. The world's first recorded business to business was Thomson Holidays in 1981. Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 when the first Internet online shopping started. By the end of 2000, many European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wi Web. Since then people began to associate the word "E-Commerce" with the ability to purchase various goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electron payment services. The various objectives of E-Commerce are development business-relationship, better customer service, and getting more customers.

E-Commerce is driven by Internet Technology. The different technologies inclus Ty E-mail, fax, online shopping carts, electronic data interchange (EDI), online payment gateway, online security tools, information sharing, and distribution protocol, and different web services. The major business application areas of E-Commerce are:

1. Sale, Purchase of Goods 
2. Real Estate Market and Online Banking 
3. Delivery of Goods as well as Import and Export
4. Supply Chain Management and E-Tailing

Advantages of E-Commerce

E-Commerce and its associated technology have brought many changes in our daily usu lives. The benefits of E-Commerce are:

• A larger market as well as easy-to-find products.
• Customer insights through tracking and analytics as well as buying/selling anytime and anywhere.
• Fast response to consumer trends and market demand.
• Lower cost and does not require physical stores.
• Easy to sell online through social media as well.
• Personalized messaging and customers can review the comments and compare in different sites without moving around physically.

Limitations of E-Commerce

E-Commerce has many benefits but it also has some limitations. They are:

• Lack of personal touch
• Lack of physical experience and cannot touch the goods physically.
• Need for Internet access as transactions cannot be done without an Internet access device.
• Security issues of customers' information.
• Quality of product and services delivery.

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What is Internet? Definition-of-internet-history-of-internet-explained-in-details.

What is Internet? Definition-of-internet-history-explained-in-details.

Internet

The Internet is a worldwide collection of computer networks and gateways that use TCP/IP protocol to communicate with each other using wired or wireless technology. The Internet is called a "Network of networks " because all the smaller organizations are linked together into one giant network.

It is a backbone of high-speed data communication lines between nodes or host computers, consisting of commercial, governmental, educational, and another computer system that routes data and messages. Internet was originated in 1969 by ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network). ARPANET provides communication among the government department which was developed by the US department of defense. Internet was openly used throughout the world in 1992. Internet service was started in Nepal by Mercantile Company in 1994. The main advantages of the Internet are communication medium, information sharing, entertainment, and online services. The main disadvantages of the Internet are theft of personal information, spamming, pornography, and limited personal interaction. The components for Internet connection are:

1. Computer set
2. ISP account
3. Router/MODEM
4. Connection (Dial-up, DSL, Cable, Satellite, Fiber)
5. Web browser

A web browser is the client software that helps the user to access web pages. Examples of web browsers are google chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox. Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing and using the Internet. The ISP of Nepal is Mercantile, Via net, World Link, Broadlink, Subisu Classic Tech, etc. An Intranet is a private computer network that uses the Internet protocol to securely share any part of information of an organization. An extranet is a computer network that allows controlled access from outside for specific business or educational purposes. The services provided by the Internet are:

• www. (World Wide Web)
• E-mail (Electronic mail)
• Newsroom
• Telnet
• IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
• E-Commer
• Search engine

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WAP to print the count of the vowels present in a given sentence.

WAP to print the count of the vowels present in a given sentence.

DECLARE SUB VOWEL (V$)

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER A SENTENCE"; N$

CALL VOWEL (N$)

END

SUB VOWEL (V$)

V$ = "a, e, i, o, u"

IF N$= a AND  e AND I AND o AND u THEN

PRINT "NO. OF VOWEL IS"; N$

NEXT I 

END SUB 

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WAP to check if an entered number is Armstrong or not.

WAP to check if an entered number is Armstrong or not.

DECLARE SUB ARM$ (A)

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER";N

END

SUB ARM$ (A)

B=A 

WHILE A< > 0 THEN

R = N MOD 10

S = S+R^3

N = N/10

WEND

IF A=B THEN PRINT ''ARMSTRONG''

ELSE

 PRINT ''NOT ARMSTRONG''

END SUB

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WAP to print the following patterns: (USING SUB PROCEDURE)

WAP to print the following patterns:

1

1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

CLS

CALL PAT

END

SUB PAT ( )

A$= "NEPAL''

FOR I = LEN (A$) TO 1   STEP -1

PRINT LEFT$ (A$,1)

NEXT I

END SUB

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WAP to find the sum of factors of a given number. (USING SUB PROCEDURE)

WAP to find the sum of factors of a given number. (USING SUB PROCEDURE)

DECLARE SUB SUM FACTORS (A)

CLS

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; A

CALL SUM FACTORS (A)

END 

SUB SUM FACTOR (A)

F=1

FOR I =1 TO N

F=F*I

S=S+2

NEXT I 

PRINT "THE SUM OF FACTORS OF NUMBER IS"; S

END SUB

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WAP to find factorial of a given number.(USING SUB PROCEDURE)

WAP to find factorial of a given number. (USING SUB PROCEDURE)

DECLARE SUB FACTORIAL (A)

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER'';X 

CALL FACTORIAL (X)

END

SUB FACTORIAL (A)

FOR I = 1 TO A

F = A*I

NEXT I

PRINT "THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER IS"; F

END SUB

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WAP to check entered number is palindrome or not using sub procedure.

 WAP to check entered number is palindrome or not using subprocedure.

DECLARE SUB-PALI$ (P)

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER"; N

CALL PALINDROME (N)

END

SUB PALINDROME (P) 

A=N

WHILE A<>0

R=N MOD 10

S=S*10 +R

N=N/10

WEND

IF N=A THEN PRINT ''PALINDROME"

ELSE 

PRINT "NOT PALINDROME"

END SUB

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WRITE A QBASIC PROGRAM TO FIND AREA OF A SQUARE USING SUB PROCEDURE

WRITE A QBASIC PROGRAM TO FIND THE AREA OF A SQUARE USING SUB PROCEDURE

DECLARE SUB-AREA (L)

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER ANY NUMBER"; A

CALL AREA (A)

END 

SUBAREA (L)

B=L^2

PRINT "THE AREA OF SQUARE IS"; B

END SUB

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Modular Programming (What is modular programming language? Explain)

Modular Programming/What is modular programming? Explain.

Modular programming

Modular programming is defined as the programming technique that is used to divide a program into various sections known as modules to make a task easier. The advantages of dividing a program into modules i.e multiple sets of tasks can be done in a single program.

For example: In a single program we use incorporate addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all at the same time using modules. 

Module

A module can be defined as the section of a program that is designed to perform a specific task. 

For Example: In a program that calculates area the module that calculates the area of a rectangle area of a square can be created.

Main Module 

The main module can be defined as the main component of a program that handles the job of calling other sub-modules and running a program. This is similar to a CEO of an office that provides and designates operations to other staff in the office.

Sub Module or Producers 

They are the small modules that are incorporated in the main module to add various features to the same program. 

For Example: In a program that says calculator sub-modules such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication can be added to add multiple numbers of services, etc.

The modules or procedures can be mainly divided into two types in Q-BASIC.

They are:

A. Sub-procedure

B. Function procedure

A. Sub-procedure

This is a module or sub-procedure which can be called by the main module to perform a particular task. The parameters of this procedure can be defined in the procedure declaration part and the same parameters can be passed on to the submodule by the main module using calling features of the subprocedure.

The basic structure of the subprocedure is given below:

MAIN MODULE

Declare sub-sub-procedure- name (parameters)- Declaration 

.....

CALL Sub procedure name (Arguments)...... call

SUBMODULE

Sub sub-procedure-name (parameters)

{ 

code or statements

}

END SUB

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Types of Computer Network: LAN, MAN, WAN. Explained-In-Details

Types of Computer Network: LAN, MAN, WAN. Explained-In-Details

 Types of network

Based on the size, physical and geographical division, a computer network can be categorized into three types. They are: 

1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

It is a small computer network that is confined to a localized area, such as a building, an office, or a factory. LANs are found in most business enterprises, government offices, and educational institutions. The key purpose of a LAN is to serve its users in sharing data, information, programs, printer, hard disk, modem, etc. In this network, computers are mostly connected with a physical medium such as a twisted pair cable or coaxial cable.

The way of connecting two or more computers in a very limited area or within the same or adjacent building is called Local Area Network (LAN). It enables very high-speed communication through a wired connection or even a wireless connection. LAN is generally used by small organizations. It is less Server Compatible expensive to install and use. Computer lab networking and cyber networking are examples of LAN. The main features of Local Area Network (LAN) are

• It covers a small geographical area such as a room or building. 
• The communication quality is better and the data transfer rate is high.
• It supports Ethernet cables (thin cable, thick cable, and twisted pair cable), fiber, and wireless transmission in the communication transmission medium.
• Computers and devices are mostly connected by using wired media.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is a network that is larger than a LAN. It is called metropolitan since it normally covers the area of a city. Different hardware such as a router, bridge, etc., and transmission media such as physical as well as wireless are often used in MANS to cover larger distances efficiently. Usually, such networks are installed by governmental organizations, banks, or local big organizations to computerize their activities or business.

The way of connecting computers inside a metropolitan area or area such as a city is called Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). In MAN computers and devices are connected through wired or wireless technology or media. The radio wave is used to transmit the data for communication between the workstation and server in the system. It has high bandwidth capacity than WAN and low bandwidth than LAN.

The main features of the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) are In MAN computers are connected by using wired or wireless media.

1. It is owned by single or multiple organizations.
2. It facilitates sharing of regional resources or data.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network is a group of computers that are separated by large distances and tied together by communication facilities. It provides a fast and efficient exchange of information at a lesser cost and higher speeds. In this network, usually, the computers are linked utilizing a radio or microwave through a satellite.

It provides uplinks for connecting LANs to WAN or Internet. The connection of computers of networks covering a large area of the world with the help of wireless technology as a wave, frequency, and satellite is called Wide Area Network (WAN). The different types of LAN and MAN are connected to form a WAN. It is the largest computer network but the data transfer rate is slower than LAN and MAN. 4G or 5G Mobile Broadband Systems, satellite communication, Internet, etc. are examples of WAN. The main features of Wide Area Network (WAN) are. It cannot be restricted to any geographical location and uses wireless technology. It is owned by multiple organizations. Communication links are provided by public carriers like telephone or mobile networks, satellites, cable systems, etc. It has low bandwidth and high propagation delay.

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Computer Network and Data Communication/ It's advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network and Data Communication (What is Computer Network and Data Communication?) Its advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network

Data Communication and networking have changed how business and other daily affair works in this modern world. A computer network is a logical or physical interconnection between two or more computers that communicate with each other. It is used to share resources such as data files, application software, and hardware among users. A node can be a device like a computer, printer, scanner, etc. which is capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. Internet is an example of a computer network. A network must be able to meet certain criteria as performance, reliability, and scalability.

Advantages of a computer network:

1. Various resources, data, and information can be shared.
2. Faster as well as cheaper communication and data transmission. Different types of hardware devices, as well as software components, can be shared.
3. Office automation can be effective and well managed.
4. Provides data backup facility as data and information can be stored in the file server.

Disadvantages of a computer network:

1. High installation and administrative costs.
2. Attack on the privacy of the people.
3. A computer virus can easily spread via a network. If the server is out of order, then all workstations are disturbed.
4. Trained technical support is required.
5. Components of Computer Network

Component of Computer Network

1. Computer System
2. Transmission media( wired or wireless)
3. Network software.
4. Network connectivity devices
5. Protocol 

Data Communication and Networking

Data communication

Data communication is the exchange of data between a source and a receiver. Data can be exchanged or transmitted using different media like cable medium and wireless medium. Different methods can be used to exchange the data. Some of the examples of data communication are E-mail, sharing of files, phone calls, video chatting, etc.

A computer network is an interconnected collection of two or more two computers that are capable of exchanging data, information, and hardware through a suitable medium, the medium may be wired or wireless. Network users can share files, printers, and other resources, send electronic messages and run programs and even turn off the other computers.

The process of transferring data and information between computers is called data communications. The data is exchanged in the form of 0's and 1's. The transmission medium used in data communication can be wired or wireless technology. The two types of data communication are local and remote data communication. Local data communication takes place in the same geographical area whereas remote data communication takes place over a distance. The data communication can be measured through the following features:

1. Delivery: The data is delivered to the right destination.
2. Timeliness: The data is delivered on time.
3. Accuracy: The data is delivered in an accurate and correct format.

Components of Data Communication

a) Message: The data and information that is to be delivered.

b) Sender: The person who is sending the message.

c) Receiver: The person to whom the message is being sent.

d) Medium: The channel through which the message is sent. 

e) Protocol: The set of rules which govern data communication.

Network Software

A Network Operating System (NOS) is a type of software that manages network resources, controls the flow of data, maintains security, and tracks user accounts. It consists of computer programs that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between the computers in a network, transfer packets from one computer to another, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent simultaneously. Some popular Network Operating Systems (NOSS) are Novel NetWare, Windows NT, Windows server 2003/2008, Various GNU/Linux, Solaris, etc.

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Types Of Computers (types-of-computers-Analog-digital-hybrid computer) Basis of working principle

Types Of Computers (types-of-computers-Analog-digital-hybrid computer) Basis of working principle

Types of computer

Classification of the computer-based on working principle

There are three types of computers based on the working principle. they are:

1. Analog computer
2. Digital computer and
3. Hybrid computer

Discrete vs. Continuous Signals

Analog and digital signals have different kinds of natures. Analog devices use analog signals and digital devices use digital signals. Analog signal has continuous values like 0, 0.5, 0.9, 1, etc. Digital signal has two extreme values representing on and off states. if two extreme values are o volt and I volt, there will not be any intermediate values, either it will be o or it will be 1.

Analog Computer

Analog computer deals with the continuous data. It is used to process physical quantities such as voltage, length, current, temperature, etc. Analog devices like speedometers, voltmeters, etc. are used to measure the physical quantities using the analog computer. It processes the data faster. The accuracy level is low. The storage capacity of an analog computer is very low. These types of computers are used in the held of science and engineering. These are used in airplanes and medical equipment as well.

A computer that uses an analog signal to display information is called an analog computer. A more recent and common mechanical analog computer is the slide rule. The electronic analog computer works on the same principles but uses electrical components to replace the physical parts. An analog computer measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale in temperature or pressure. These computers are used to measure the speed of the vehicle, Vibration of the earthquake, Heart bit and pulse rate of the patient, to measure nautical distance covered by plane, etc. The characteristics of an analog computer mean it can be better than a digital computer at particular tasks. The first is that an analog computer works in parallel. This means it can carry out multiple tasks simultaneously. The second difference is that an analog computer handles continuous variables. It is used to measure continuous data like current flow, temperatures, blood pressure, heartbeats.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON WORK

Analog Computer

A computer that uses an analog signal to display information is called an analog computer. A more recent and common mechanical analog computer is the slide rule. The electronic analog computer works on the same principles but uses electrical components to replace the physical parts. An analog computer measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale in temperature or pressure. These computers are used to measure the speed of the vehicle, Vibration of the earthquake, Heart bit and pulse rate of the patient, to measure nautical distance covered by plane, etc. The characteristics of an analog computer mean it can be better than a digital computer at particular tasks. The first is that an analog computer works in parallel. This means it can carry out multiple tasks simultaneously. The second difference is that an analog computer handles continuous variables. It is used to measure the continuous variation of data like current flow, temperatures, blood pressure, heartbeats.

Digital Computer

Computers that use binary digits to display discrete information is called a digital computer. A computer that stores data in terms of binary digits (0 and 1) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. Information is in discrete form. It displays information in the form of text, graphics, and pictures. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in storage medium on-off switches. In digital computers, even letters, words, and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a range by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. A digital computer, even though it may work considerably faster, can only perform one calculation at any one instant. A digital computer works with discrete numbers. Digital computers are the most used computer for reports, documentation, billing, and other graphical work. The entire PC used today in different fields is the microcomputers. 

Hybrid Computer

The good qualities of analog and digital computers are combined on hybrid computers. These are used in the Intensive Care Unit of the hospital. Jet Planes and other data analysis terminals. Hybrid computers transfer the data from analog to digital and digital to analog and vice versa. Consider that the nervous system in animals is a form of hybrid computer. In a hybrid computer, a digital computer that accepts analog signals converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. This integration is obtained by digital to analog and analog to digital converter. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost-effective method of performing complex simulations. A hybrid computer capable of the real-time solution has been less expensive than any equivalent digital computer. Hybrid computers have been necessary for successful system development. An example of a hybrid computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.

Computers are mainly classified into specific purpose and general-purpose computers. The specific purpose computers are Supercomputer, Hybrid computer, etc. General-purpose computers are all digital

Digital Computer

Digital computers deal with discrete or discontinuous data. Data will be in the form of binary digits 0 and 1 and all the operations are based on these two extreme values 0 and 1 representing on and off stages in terms of voltage. Digital computers are more accurate and used for general purposes. Most of the computers are digital computers. Varieties of tasks can be done by using a digital computer. These are used in education, business activities, scientific applications, etc.

Computers that use binary digits to display discrete information is called a digital computer. A computer that stores data in terms of binary digits (0 and 1) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. Information is in discrete form. It displays information in the form of text, graphics, and pictures. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in storage medium on-off switches. In digital computers, even letters, words, and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a range by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. A digital computer, even though it may work considerably faster, can only perform one calculation at any one instant. A digital computer works with discrete numbers. Digital computers are the most used computer for reports, documentation, billing, and other graphical work. The entire PC used today in different fields is the microcomputers. 

Hybrid Computer

The hybrid computer has the characteristics of both analog and digital computers. This type of computer can deal with continuous and discrete data. Hence it is called the hybrid computer. Hybrid computes is specific purpose computers or not a general-purpose computer. Hybrid computers are used in the medical field, aeronautics, weather forecasting, etc.

The good qualities of analog and digital computers are combined on hybrid computers. These are used in the Intensive Care Unit of the hospital. Jet Planes and other data analysis terminals. Hybrid computers transfer the data from analog to digital and digital to analog and vice versa. Consider that the nervous system in animals is a form of hybrid computer. In a hybrid computer, a digital computer that accepts analog signals converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. This integration is obtained by digital to analog and analog to digital converter. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost-effective method of performing complex simulations. A hybrid computer capable of the real-time solution has been less expensive than any equivalent digital computer. Hybrid computers have been necessary for successful system development. An example of a hybrid computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.

Computers are mainly classified into specific purpose and general-purpose computers. The specific purpose computers are Supercomputer, Hybrid computer, etc. General-purpose computers are all digital computers.

General-purpose computer

A computer that performs a variety of processing tasks with almost the same efficiency is called a general-purpose computer. It requires loading an appropriate program for performing each particular task. Some features of these computers are given below.

1. They perform a wide variety of processing tasks. They perform any kind of job with equal frequency.
2. They are most common.
3. They are digital computers.

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

A specials purpose computer is built to handle a specific task. This means that the programs are fixed for the machine. For example, a modern microwave oven may contain a computer device that is programmed to accept the cooking option which the user chooses, and direct the machine accordingly. The special-purpose computers are of following features.

1. They are fundamentally the same as a general-purpose computer.
2. They are programmed for a specific purpose. They cannot perform another kind of job with equal efficiency.
3. They are used in a variety of consumer products, microwaves, telephone, washing machines, etc/
4. They cannot perform another kind of job with equal efficiency.

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