What is Computer Software? Operating system? System software-software-Types-of-computer-software

What is Computer Software? Operating-system-Computer-software-Types-of-computer-software

Software is the collection of computer programs and procedures to perform a specific task.

INTRODUCTION  

What most people think of as a computer, can actually be divided into two-part The first part, computer hardware- does all of the physical work computers a known for. The second part, computer software- tells the hardware what to do a how to do it. If you were to think of a computer as a living being, then the hardware would be the body that does things like seeing with eyes, lifting objects, and filling the lungs with air; the software would be the intelligence, interpreting the image that comes through the eye telling the arms how to lift objects, and forcing the body to fill the lungs with air.

Program is a very important concept in computer. Now "What is Program? " A program is a collection of instructions to cause a computer to perform a particular operation to solve a given problem. Thus, a computer requires a program to operate. And, the process of developing such a program is called Programming. Similarly, the langue that is used to develop the program is called Programming Language. Also, the person who does programming is called a Programmer.

SOFTWARE 

Software is a short form of computer software; it is a type of computer program. It means the applications and operating systems used with computers. Software is how computer systems speak with computer users. Software form the heart of computer systems. Software is the collection of computer programs, procedures, and documentation that performs different tasks on a computer system. At the very basic level, computer software consists of a machine language that consists of groups of binary values which specify processor instructions. The processor instructions change the state of computer hardware in a predefined sequence. Briefly, computer software is the language in which a computer speaks. There are different types of computer software.

Software is one of the essential parts of the computer system. It is a collection of related programs, data, and required documents. The computer cannot be used without computer software. A computer program is a collection of related instructions written in a proper sequential order to perform a specific job. There are different kinds of software in the computer like system software, application software, and utility software. Some of the examples of software are Windows 2007, MS Word, etc.

Software is the collection of computer programs and procedures to perform a specific task.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software It helps in running the computer hardware and the computer system. System software is a collection of operating systems; device drivers, servers, windowing systems, and utilities

System software helps an application programmer in viewing away from hardware, memory, and other internal complexities of a computer. Some common types of system software are given below: 

1. Operating system

2. Utility software

3. Language processor

OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operation to run. other programs. Operating systems perform basic tasks such as It is the first program loaded into memory when the computer is turned on and, in a sense, brings life. to the computer hardware. Without it. you cannot use your word processing software, spreadsheet software, or any other applications.

Without an operating system, you cannot communicate with your computer. When you give the computer command, the operating system relays the instructions to the brain' of the computer, called the microprocessor or CPU. You cannot speak directly to the CPU because it only understands machine language. When you are working in an application, software program, such as Microsoft Word, commands that you give the application sent through the operating system to the CPU. MS Window, Mac OS, Unix, Linux, Android, and DOS are all examples of operating systems. Some functions of OS are given below.

1. recognizing input from the keyboard

2. sending output to the display screen

3. keeping track of files and directories on the disk

4. Controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

5. Provide security and backup.

6. Provide an interface between hardware and software.

7. Management of memory Scheduling processes.

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WAP a program to find the sum of any two decimal number using C programming. (sum-of-two-decimal-number-simple -interest-equilateral-SI-greater-among-two-numbers)

1.WAP a program to find the sum of any two decimal number using C programming.

#include <studio.h>

#include <conio.h)

main ()

{

float a, b, sum;

printf ("Enter the first decimal number;);

printf ("Enter the second decimal number")

scanf (''%f" &a);

printf (''enter the second decimal number'')

scanf ("%f" &a);

sum = a + b

printf ("sum of two number is %f", sum);

getch();

}

2.Write a program in C to find simple interest.

#include <studio.h>

 int main( ) 

{

float principle, time, rate, SI;

printf ("Enter principle")

scanf (''%f", & principle);

printf ("enter a time;");

scanf ("%f", & rate);

SI=( principle * time * rate)/100

printf ("simple interest = %f"; SI);

return 0

3.wap to find out the greatest number among 3 entered numbers.

#include <studio.h>

int main < >

{

double n1, n2, h3;

 printf ("Enter three different numbers ;"); 

scanf ("% If  %If %if''; & n1, &n2, &n3);

// if n1 is greater than n2 and n3, n1 is the largest

if  (n1) = n2 && n1>=n3)

 printf ("%, 2f is the greater number''; n1 

// if n2 is the greater than both n1 and n3, n2 is the largest 

elseif (n2>= n1 && n 2 >=n3)

printf (''%, 2 is the greater number"; n2);

// if the both above conditions are false, n3 is the grater 

else 

printf ("% 2 is the largest number";n3);

return 0

4. wap to find out if a number is even or odd using the if-else statement in C programming.

#include <studio.h>

int main ()

int num 1

printf (" enter a number");

 scanf ("%d", & num1)

if (num1%2 == 0) // test-condition

{

printf ("num1 is even number");

}

else

printf(" num 1 is odd number");

return 0;

5.WAP to enter the sides of a triangle and find out if its equilateral or not.

#include <studio.h>

int main()

{

int a, b, c

printf ("Enter three sides of triangle");

 scanf ("%d %d %d", &  a, b, c);

if (a= = b && b== c)

 printf  ("Equilateral triangle");

}

else

{

printf ("scalene triangle");

}

return 0;

}

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What is C Programming Language? C (Programming Language)- structure, introduction, basics, history, meaning.

 What is C Programming Language? C (Programming Language)-structure, introduction, basics,       history, meaning.

Structured Programming in C

A computer requires commands or instructions to perform tasks. A set of instructions is called a program. A program is created to solve a particular task. The group of programs is called software. There are different types of programming language such as high-level language (HLL), assembly language, and low-level language (LLL) to write programs. There are several approaches to programming which include structured, unstructured, procedural, modular, object-oriented programming, etc.

Structured programming

Structured programming is a subset of procedural programming. It enforces a logical structure on the program to make it more efficient and easier to understand and modify. It is considered as a precursor to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and follows a top-down design approach, where a system is divided into compositional subsystems. It is a programming paradigm that facilitates the creation of programs with readable code and reusable components. It helps to improve the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of control flow statements of selection (if- then- else/switch)) and repetition (while and for), block structures, and subroutines. C, C+, C++, C#, Java, PERL, Ruby, PHP, ALGOL, and Pascal are examples of Structured Programming language.

Advantages of structured programming

• Structured programming is user-friendly and easy to understand.
•  It is easy to debug the program.
• It reduces the complexity of the program as the program can be divided into several units.
•  It is a machine-independent programming language. It increases the productivity of application program development.
• It follows the modularity concept which allows multiple programmers to work on a single software.

C language

C is the structured high-level programming language. It was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is used to develop system software. It is one of the most popular computer languages. It was developed to write the UNIX Operating System. It is also considered the middle-level programming language. C is the result of a development process that started with an older language called BCPL BCPL was developed by Martin Richards, and it influenced a language called B.

Features of C language

The different features of the C language are:

1. It is a structure-oriented programming language and it aims at the clarity of the program, reduces or breaks down a program into several small modules.
2. The program execution in C is faster and efficient than other programming languages which are interpreter-based.
3. It is considered as because it supports the feature of both high-level language and assembly language and also manipulates memory address.
4. It allows the programmer to create their own function and add it to the C library to use in other programs. It supports varieties of data types and has a rich and powerful set of operators.
5. It is a case-sensitive programming language that understands the capital alphabets and small alphabets as different values. For example, "Programming" and "PROGRAMMING" are different values for C Language.

Limitation of C Language

C has some limitations though it is a powerful programming language. The limitations of C language are:

1. It has no run-time type checking.
2. It doesn't have the feature of reusability of source code extensively It does not support Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
3.  It provides no data protection.
4. It has only 32 keywords.
5. Compilers can only identify errors and are incapable of handling exceptions (run-time errors). C language.

Applications of C language

1. It is used for scripting system applications in Windows, UNIX, and Linux Operating System.
2. It is used in the development of other languages such as C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, UNIX's C Shell, PHP, and Python.
3. It is used to develop firmware for various electronics devices.
4. It is used for creating Compilers of different languages.
5. It is widely used in IoT applications.

What is C programming & who invented it?

C is developed by Dennis, Ritchie. C is a structured programming language. C supports functions that enabled easy maintainability of code, by breaking large files Into smaller modules. Comments in Ċ provide easy readability. C is a powerful language. 

Program Structure

A sample program

#include <studio.h>

int main()

....other statements

// comments after double slash

}

1. what are header files a explain.

 "Header files

The files that are specified in the include section are called header files. There is a precompiled file that the header function defined in them. We can sell these functions in our program by supplying parameters. Header files are given an extension. h. The c source file is given an extension. c 

2. what is the main () in & programming & why it is an important Main function?

This is the entry point of a program. when a file is executed, the start point is the main function. From the main function, the flow goes as per the programmer's choice. Programmers' choice & There are may or may not be other functions written by the user in a program. The main function is compulsory for any program.

writing the first program

 # include <studio .h>
int main() 

print f ("Hello"); 

return 0;

}

• The program print! Hello on the screen when We execute it.

4. Explain different data types in C?

    Data types in C 

    → Primitive data types.

        - int, float, double, char 

    → Aggregate data type

        - Arrays come under this category Array, which can contain a collection of int or float char or double data.

      User-defined data types.

        - structures and enum fall under this category: s what are the rules for naming variables in e: 

5. Variable names - Rules

→ Should not be a reserved word like int etc.

→ Should start with a letter or an underscore 6). can contain letters, numbers, or underscore... 

→No other special characters are allowed including space...

→Variable names are sensitive. -A and a are different. 

6. What are the operators used in the c language. Explain.

Operators :

•Arithmetic (+,-. *, 1, %.)

• Relational (4, >, <=, >=, = =,!=)

• Logical (&d, 11, 1) 

• • Alignment (=)

• Compound assignment (+=, *=, -=, !=, %=, &=, !=)

• Shift (right shift>>, left shift <<) Bitwise ( &,!)

• Alignment (=)

• Compound assignment (+=, *=, -=, !=, %=, &=, !=)

• Shift (right shift>>, left shift <<)

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QBASIC problem, class7,8,9,10.(to find string, factorial, prime, odd, even, palindrome, armstrong, si, area, patterns)

 

QBASIC problem, class7,8,9,10.(to find the string, factorial, prime, odd, even, palindrome, Armstrong, si,  area, patterns)

1. WAP to print character in even position in a string,

CLS

INPUT"ENTER A STRING"; A$

FOR I = 1 TO LEN$ (A$)

IF I MOD 2 =0 THEN S$=S$+MID$ (A$,I,1)

NEXT I

PRINT "THE LETTER IN POSITION IS"; S$ 

ENDIF 

END

2. WAP to find factorial of a given number.

CLS 

F=1

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; A 

FOR I = A  TO 1      STEP -1

F= F*I

NEXT I 

PRINT " THE FACTORIAL IS''; F

END

3. WAP is a program to check given number is prime or not.

CLS 

 INPUT '' ENTER A NUMBER'';A 

FOR I =1 TO A      STEP 1

IF A MOD I= 0  THEN C=C+1

NEXT I 

IF C=2 THEN

PRINT ''PRIME"

ELSE

 PRINT"NOT PRIME"

ENDIF 

END

4. WAP is a program to display all odd numbers between 100 to 200.

FOR I= 100 TO 200

IF I MOD 2= 1 THEN PRINT I

NEXT I 

PRINT I

END

5. WAP  to display multiplication table of 2.

CLS

FOR I= 1 TO 10

PRINT "2"; "*" ; I; "=" ; (2*I)

NEXT I

END

6. WAP to display a multiplication table of 1 to 10.

 CLS

FOR I= 1 TO 10

FOR J= 1 TO 10 

PRINT J; "*'' ;I; "=''; (J*I)

NEXT J 

NEXT I

END

7. WAP is a program to find if an entered number is even or odd.

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; A

IF A MOD 2=0   THEN

PRINT ''EVEN"

ELSE

PRINT"ODD"

ENDIF

END

8. WAP is a program to print the sum of even numbers from 2 to 10 using FOR-NEXT          LOOP.

CLS 

FOR I = 2 TO 10  STEP 2

S= S+ I

NEXT I 

PRINT S 

END

9. WAP to print an average of the square of odd numbers from 1 to 9 using WHILE-               WEND Loop.

CLS 

A=1

S=0

C=0

WHILE A<= 9

S=S+A^2

C=C+1

A=A+2

WEND

AVG=S/C

PRINT "AVERAGE IS''; AVG 

END

10. WAP to check if an entered number is palindrome or not.

CLS  

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER";A 

B=A 

 WHILE A<>0

R=A MOD 10

 C=C*10 +R

A=A/10

IF B=C THEN 

PRINT "PALINDROME"

ELSE 

PRINT"NOT PALINDROME"

ENDIF 

END

11. WAP to find simple interest.

CLS

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER "; P, T,R

SI= P*T*R/100

PRINT"SIMPLE INTEREST IS"; SI

END

12. WAP to print area of a rectangle.

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER";L,B

A=L*B

PRINT "AREA IS "'A 

END

13. WAP find print the series1,3,5,7,9.........up to 8th term USING FOR-NEXT.

CLS 

FOR I =1 TO 8   STEP2

PRINT I

NEXT I 

END

14. WAP a to print the following pattern:

P R O G R A M

P R O G R A

P R O G R

P R O G 

P R O 

P R 

P

CLS 

A$="PROGRAM"

FOR I = LEN (A$) TO 1   STEP -1

PRINT LEFT$ (A$, I)

NEXT I

END

15. WAP to input an entered number is less than 200 or not.

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER "; A 

IF A<=200 THEN

PRINT '' NUMBER IS LESS THAN 100''

ELSE 

PRINT '' NUMBER IS NOT LESS THAN 200"

ENDIF

END

16. WAP to find the greater number between any two numbers.

CLS

INPUT "ENTER ANY TWO NUMBER "; A, B

IF A<B THEN

PRINT "B IS GREATER"

ELSE

PRINT "A IS GREATER O"

ENDIF

END

17. WAP to find whether a year is a leap year or not.

CLS

INPUT "ENTER A DAYS"; A

IF A=366   THEN

PRINT "A YEAR IS LEAP YEAR"

ELSE

PRINT "A YEAR IS NOT LEAP YEAR"

ENDIF

END

18. WAP to check if an entered number is Armstrong or not.

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER A NUMBER"; N

A=N

WHILE (N<>0)

R=N MOD 10

S=S+R^3

N=N/10

WEND

IF S=A THEN

PRINT "ARMSTRONG"

ELSE

PRINT "NOT ARMSTRONG"

ENDIF 

END

19. WAP a to print the following pattern:

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3 4 

1 2 3

1 2

1

CLS

A=12345

FOR I = 1 TO 5

PRINT A

A=A/10

NEXT I

END

20. WAP a to print the following pattern:

5 5 5 5 5 

5 5 5 5 

5 5 5

5 5

5

CLS 

A=55555

FOR I =1 TO 5

PRINT A 

A= A/10

NEXT I 

END

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What is Qbasic programming language? Features of Qbasic

What is Qbasic programming language? Features of Qbasic.

QBASIC PROGRAMMING

INTRODUTION TO QBASIC

Q-BASIC stands for Quick Basic All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It is the upgraded version of Basic programming. It is one of the high-level programming languages. It is easy for beginner programmers or students to understand the concept of the language. It uses the interpreter as a translator or language processor. Basic programming was developed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz in Dartmouth College, USA in 1964 AD. Qbasic is a high-level programming language. It consists of basic elements from which other elements are formed. The basic elements are character set, variables, constants, operators, expressions, etc.

FEATURES OF THE QBASIC

The features of the Qbasic are as follows:

• Easy to understand the language and to write the language
• It is easy to debug the program
• It is a portable program.
• It completes the set of file sizes if very small
• Meaningful words are used in programming syntax 
• There is a help menu available for the programmer
• There are two windows or modes: programming mode or indirect mode and other is the direct mode or immediate window

How to download Qbasic and start the Qbasic? (In points)

The ways to download Qbasic and start the Qbasic are given below in the points:

1. Qbasic 4.5 is available in the market or you can download it from the net as well.
2. Then after downloading run the qb.exe file.
3. It opens a text editor programming window.
4. In the new beginning system, it may be required to install DOSBox 0.74 to start the QBASIC program.
5. There is a programming mode window in the upper part and immediate mode, a small window in the lower section.
6. Statements with correct syntax can be used to write a program in the main window.
7.  Then, there is a menu system and help feature to support the programmer.

What is the Reserved Word in Qbasic?

Reserved Word

The standard words that are well defined in the Qbasic program are called Reserved Word. The reserved words of QBasic are statements, commands, and functions. They are not used to define the variable name, constant name, subroutine name, an array name. The meanings of these words are well defined. Some keywords are PRINT, INPUT, FOR, UNTIL, DO, WHILE, CASE, IF, ELSE, etc.

WHAT IS VARIABLE IN QBASIC?

VARIABLE

Variables are names that are used to store data in a programming language. Its value can be changed during the execution of a program. Variables are needed to allocate the memory of the computer. There are two types of variables. They are:

1. Numeric variable 
2. String variable

what are constant in QBASIC?

Constant 

Constant are the names in which it stores fixed value. Constant value doesn't change the execution of the program. It is a predefined value in a program. The rule to define constant is given below:

      Let constantname= value

      Eg: name$= "school"

      X%=5

      Y#=1524

Types of constant

1. Numeric constant 

• Integer constant
• Single precision constant
• Long integer 
• Double  precision         

     2. String constant

What are operators?

An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are mainly used to manipulate data and variables. They mainly form a part of a mathematical of logical expressions. They can use for both numeric as well as a string values. For examples: +,-.*,<,> etc.

Types of operators

• Arithmetic operators 
• Relational operators 
• Logical operators
• String operators 
• Assignment operators

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MECHANICAL CALCULATORS (abacus-slide rule-Napier 's bone)

abacus-slide rule-Napier 's bone

MECHANICAL CALCULATORS 

ABACUS mechanical calculators, Abacus, slide rule, Napier's bone

What is Abacus?

The history of computers starts with Abacus. It was first used by the Chinese about 3000 years before. There were different types of abacuses used in different parts of the world. The standard abacus can be used to perform addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. It can be used to find square roots and cube roots as well. Abacus consists of two sections or decks. The upper deck is known as the heaven and the lower deck is known as the earth. Each based in the upper deck has a value of 5 and the value for each bead in the lower deck is1. Usually, it is made up of a wooden frame.

NAPIER'S BONE

What is Napier's Bone? who invented it and when?

Napier's Bone is a mechanical calculating machine. It was developed by Scottish mathematician John Napier in 1617 AD. Several bones or rods with numbers in them are used for calculations. Ten bones are corresponding to the digits 0 through 9, and the eleventh bones as a multiplier. It is used for multiplication, division, finding roots, etc.

SLIDE RULE

 What is Slide Rule? when was it invented?

Slide Rule is another mechanical calculating device developed by an English Mathematician William Oughtred in 1620. In the slide rule, two rulers are used to slide one over another big ruler for the calculations. It was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

BABBAGE'S DIFFERENCE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE (1792-1822)

What is an analytical engine?

Who is known as the father of computers?

what is the difference between Engines?

Charles Babbage was a British mathematician and inventor. He designed the first Difference Engine in 1822 AD and upgraded it into Analytical Engine in 1833 AD. It was the proposed first general-purpose mechanical computer.  This invention is considered a major contribution to the evolution of the computer, It was a kind of the general-purpose computer. It was using the concept of memory and punched card input/output for data and instructions. He had introduced all the essential ideas of modern computers. To  recognize his contributions, Charles Babbage is known as the "Father of the Modern Computer"

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History of computer development

HISTORY OF COMPUTER DEVELOPMENT

The first computer was invented by CHARLES BABBAGE in 1822 AD. but was not built until 1991. Alan Turing invented computer science. The ENIAC (1945) was the first electronic general-purpose digital computer, it filled a room.

 In the past, the size of the computer was very huge and it used to occupy large space. They were very low in function and it heats faster. At first computing devices or computers were used mechanically only. Then they were upgraded from electronic to electromechanical machines or semi-electrical. Then they were upgraded to today's electronic computers. The cost of the memory was very high and the size was very small. Nowadays the cost of the memory is low and the size is very high.

DEFINITION OF THE COMPUTER

Let's define the word 'computer' first. It means 'to calculate'. we all are familiar with these words with the calculation in our practice in our daily life. We apply mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. Simpler calculations take time but complex calculations take much longer time. The calculation of any type of task is performed by a computer within a seconds. Let us again define the term ''computer'' according to the OXFORD DICTIONARY ''Computer is an automatic electronic device for making calculation and controlling operations that are expressed in numerical and logical terms".

COMPUTER is an electronic device that takes the data from a user, processes them, and produces meaningful results.

The computer is used for any type of computer complex task nowadays. It is used in every field in our life. There is no sector computer is not using. Increasing with time the demand for computers is increasing consistently. It is used in Banking and Financial institute for electronic money transfer, statical report, voucher, ledger, balance sheet, etc. It is used in Educational/institutions for student data processing, questions preparation, result processing, handouts and notes preparation, etc. It is used in the searched field on different types of research activities such as account, database, graphics,, mathematics, etc.        

It is also used in hospitals for keeping records of medical, surgery, and research as well as. In engineering such as civil, electrical, computer, chemical, etc. In different fields, computers are used for advertisement, education advertisement, etc. The computer is used in the film industry to develop cartoon films, special effects, and image processing. Animation is a sequence of images or frames that is displayed overtimes. Each frame varies slightly from the preceding frame. The art of animation is abundantly supplied in film industries and the advertisement sector.

E-mail, e-fax, internet, etc. are computer-based communications. The integration of computers and the Internet is the backbone of recent communication. Computer software is used for the management of the library. It is used for keeping books borrowing books, records, updating books, etc. The computerized system ensures whether the books are issued or not. Computers are also used in the industry, hotel management, offices, game playing, office automation, management, and many more.

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