WAP to find factorial of a given number.(USING SUB PROCEDURE)

WAP to find factorial of a given number. (USING SUB PROCEDURE)

DECLARE SUB FACTORIAL (A)

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER'';X 

CALL FACTORIAL (X)

END

SUB FACTORIAL (A)

FOR I = 1 TO A

F = A*I

NEXT I

PRINT "THE FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER IS"; F

END SUB

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WAP to check entered number is palindrome or not using sub procedure.

 WAP to check entered number is palindrome or not using subprocedure.

DECLARE SUB-PALI$ (P)

CLS

INPUT ''ENTER A NUMBER"; N

CALL PALINDROME (N)

END

SUB PALINDROME (P) 

A=N

WHILE A<>0

R=N MOD 10

S=S*10 +R

N=N/10

WEND

IF N=A THEN PRINT ''PALINDROME"

ELSE 

PRINT "NOT PALINDROME"

END SUB

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WRITE A QBASIC PROGRAM TO FIND AREA OF A SQUARE USING SUB PROCEDURE

WRITE A QBASIC PROGRAM TO FIND THE AREA OF A SQUARE USING SUB PROCEDURE

DECLARE SUB-AREA (L)

CLS 

INPUT "ENTER ANY NUMBER"; A

CALL AREA (A)

END 

SUBAREA (L)

B=L^2

PRINT "THE AREA OF SQUARE IS"; B

END SUB

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Modular Programming (What is modular programming language? Explain)

Modular Programming/What is modular programming? Explain.

Modular programming

Modular programming is defined as the programming technique that is used to divide a program into various sections known as modules to make a task easier. The advantages of dividing a program into modules i.e multiple sets of tasks can be done in a single program.

For example: In a single program we use incorporate addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all at the same time using modules. 

Module

A module can be defined as the section of a program that is designed to perform a specific task. 

For Example: In a program that calculates area the module that calculates the area of a rectangle area of a square can be created.

Main Module 

The main module can be defined as the main component of a program that handles the job of calling other sub-modules and running a program. This is similar to a CEO of an office that provides and designates operations to other staff in the office.

Sub Module or Producers 

They are the small modules that are incorporated in the main module to add various features to the same program. 

For Example: In a program that says calculator sub-modules such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication can be added to add multiple numbers of services, etc.

The modules or procedures can be mainly divided into two types in Q-BASIC.

They are:

A. Sub-procedure

B. Function procedure

A. Sub-procedure

This is a module or sub-procedure which can be called by the main module to perform a particular task. The parameters of this procedure can be defined in the procedure declaration part and the same parameters can be passed on to the submodule by the main module using calling features of the subprocedure.

The basic structure of the subprocedure is given below:

MAIN MODULE

Declare sub-sub-procedure- name (parameters)- Declaration 

.....

CALL Sub procedure name (Arguments)...... call

SUBMODULE

Sub sub-procedure-name (parameters)

{ 

code or statements

}

END SUB

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Types of Computer Network: LAN, MAN, WAN. Explained-In-Details

Types of Computer Network: LAN, MAN, WAN. Explained-In-Details

 Types of network

Based on the size, physical and geographical division, a computer network can be categorized into three types. They are: 

1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

It is a small computer network that is confined to a localized area, such as a building, an office, or a factory. LANs are found in most business enterprises, government offices, and educational institutions. The key purpose of a LAN is to serve its users in sharing data, information, programs, printer, hard disk, modem, etc. In this network, computers are mostly connected with a physical medium such as a twisted pair cable or coaxial cable.

The way of connecting two or more computers in a very limited area or within the same or adjacent building is called Local Area Network (LAN). It enables very high-speed communication through a wired connection or even a wireless connection. LAN is generally used by small organizations. It is less Server Compatible expensive to install and use. Computer lab networking and cyber networking are examples of LAN. The main features of Local Area Network (LAN) are

• It covers a small geographical area such as a room or building. 
• The communication quality is better and the data transfer rate is high.
• It supports Ethernet cables (thin cable, thick cable, and twisted pair cable), fiber, and wireless transmission in the communication transmission medium.
• Computers and devices are mostly connected by using wired media.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is a network that is larger than a LAN. It is called metropolitan since it normally covers the area of a city. Different hardware such as a router, bridge, etc., and transmission media such as physical as well as wireless are often used in MANS to cover larger distances efficiently. Usually, such networks are installed by governmental organizations, banks, or local big organizations to computerize their activities or business.

The way of connecting computers inside a metropolitan area or area such as a city is called Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). In MAN computers and devices are connected through wired or wireless technology or media. The radio wave is used to transmit the data for communication between the workstation and server in the system. It has high bandwidth capacity than WAN and low bandwidth than LAN.

The main features of the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) are In MAN computers are connected by using wired or wireless media.

1. It is owned by single or multiple organizations.
2. It facilitates sharing of regional resources or data.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A wide area network is a group of computers that are separated by large distances and tied together by communication facilities. It provides a fast and efficient exchange of information at a lesser cost and higher speeds. In this network, usually, the computers are linked utilizing a radio or microwave through a satellite.

It provides uplinks for connecting LANs to WAN or Internet. The connection of computers of networks covering a large area of the world with the help of wireless technology as a wave, frequency, and satellite is called Wide Area Network (WAN). The different types of LAN and MAN are connected to form a WAN. It is the largest computer network but the data transfer rate is slower than LAN and MAN. 4G or 5G Mobile Broadband Systems, satellite communication, Internet, etc. are examples of WAN. The main features of Wide Area Network (WAN) are. It cannot be restricted to any geographical location and uses wireless technology. It is owned by multiple organizations. Communication links are provided by public carriers like telephone or mobile networks, satellites, cable systems, etc. It has low bandwidth and high propagation delay.

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.

Computer Network and Data Communication/ It's advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network and Data Communication (What is Computer Network and Data Communication?) Its advantages and disadvantages

Computer Network

Data Communication and networking have changed how business and other daily affair works in this modern world. A computer network is a logical or physical interconnection between two or more computers that communicate with each other. It is used to share resources such as data files, application software, and hardware among users. A node can be a device like a computer, printer, scanner, etc. which is capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. Internet is an example of a computer network. A network must be able to meet certain criteria as performance, reliability, and scalability.

Advantages of a computer network:

1. Various resources, data, and information can be shared.
2. Faster as well as cheaper communication and data transmission. Different types of hardware devices, as well as software components, can be shared.
3. Office automation can be effective and well managed.
4. Provides data backup facility as data and information can be stored in the file server.

Disadvantages of a computer network:

1. High installation and administrative costs.
2. Attack on the privacy of the people.
3. A computer virus can easily spread via a network. If the server is out of order, then all workstations are disturbed.
4. Trained technical support is required.
5. Components of Computer Network

Component of Computer Network

1. Computer System
2. Transmission media( wired or wireless)
3. Network software.
4. Network connectivity devices
5. Protocol 

Data Communication and Networking

Data communication

Data communication is the exchange of data between a source and a receiver. Data can be exchanged or transmitted using different media like cable medium and wireless medium. Different methods can be used to exchange the data. Some of the examples of data communication are E-mail, sharing of files, phone calls, video chatting, etc.

A computer network is an interconnected collection of two or more two computers that are capable of exchanging data, information, and hardware through a suitable medium, the medium may be wired or wireless. Network users can share files, printers, and other resources, send electronic messages and run programs and even turn off the other computers.

The process of transferring data and information between computers is called data communications. The data is exchanged in the form of 0's and 1's. The transmission medium used in data communication can be wired or wireless technology. The two types of data communication are local and remote data communication. Local data communication takes place in the same geographical area whereas remote data communication takes place over a distance. The data communication can be measured through the following features:

1. Delivery: The data is delivered to the right destination.
2. Timeliness: The data is delivered on time.
3. Accuracy: The data is delivered in an accurate and correct format.

Components of Data Communication

a) Message: The data and information that is to be delivered.

b) Sender: The person who is sending the message.

c) Receiver: The person to whom the message is being sent.

d) Medium: The channel through which the message is sent. 

e) Protocol: The set of rules which govern data communication.

Network Software

A Network Operating System (NOS) is a type of software that manages network resources, controls the flow of data, maintains security, and tracks user accounts. It consists of computer programs that establish protocols, or rules, for computers to talk to one another. These protocols are carried out by sending and receiving formatted instructions of data called packets. Protocols make logical connections between the computers in a network, transfer packets from one computer to another, and minimize the possibility of collisions between packets sent simultaneously. Some popular Network Operating Systems (NOSS) are Novel NetWare, Windows NT, Windows server 2003/2008, Various GNU/Linux, Solaris, etc.

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Types Of Computers (types-of-computers-Analog-digital-hybrid computer) Basis of working principle

Types Of Computers (types-of-computers-Analog-digital-hybrid computer) Basis of working principle

Types of computer

Classification of the computer-based on working principle

There are three types of computers based on the working principle. they are:

1. Analog computer
2. Digital computer and
3. Hybrid computer

Discrete vs. Continuous Signals

Analog and digital signals have different kinds of natures. Analog devices use analog signals and digital devices use digital signals. Analog signal has continuous values like 0, 0.5, 0.9, 1, etc. Digital signal has two extreme values representing on and off states. if two extreme values are o volt and I volt, there will not be any intermediate values, either it will be o or it will be 1.

Analog Computer

Analog computer deals with the continuous data. It is used to process physical quantities such as voltage, length, current, temperature, etc. Analog devices like speedometers, voltmeters, etc. are used to measure the physical quantities using the analog computer. It processes the data faster. The accuracy level is low. The storage capacity of an analog computer is very low. These types of computers are used in the held of science and engineering. These are used in airplanes and medical equipment as well.

A computer that uses an analog signal to display information is called an analog computer. A more recent and common mechanical analog computer is the slide rule. The electronic analog computer works on the same principles but uses electrical components to replace the physical parts. An analog computer measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale in temperature or pressure. These computers are used to measure the speed of the vehicle, Vibration of the earthquake, Heart bit and pulse rate of the patient, to measure nautical distance covered by plane, etc. The characteristics of an analog computer mean it can be better than a digital computer at particular tasks. The first is that an analog computer works in parallel. This means it can carry out multiple tasks simultaneously. The second difference is that an analog computer handles continuous variables. It is used to measure continuous data like current flow, temperatures, blood pressure, heartbeats.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS BASED ON WORK

Analog Computer

A computer that uses an analog signal to display information is called an analog computer. A more recent and common mechanical analog computer is the slide rule. The electronic analog computer works on the same principles but uses electrical components to replace the physical parts. An analog computer measures physical values such as temperature or pressure that fall along a continuous scale in temperature or pressure. These computers are used to measure the speed of the vehicle, Vibration of the earthquake, Heart bit and pulse rate of the patient, to measure nautical distance covered by plane, etc. The characteristics of an analog computer mean it can be better than a digital computer at particular tasks. The first is that an analog computer works in parallel. This means it can carry out multiple tasks simultaneously. The second difference is that an analog computer handles continuous variables. It is used to measure the continuous variation of data like current flow, temperatures, blood pressure, heartbeats.

Digital Computer

Computers that use binary digits to display discrete information is called a digital computer. A computer that stores data in terms of binary digits (0 and 1) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. Information is in discrete form. It displays information in the form of text, graphics, and pictures. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in storage medium on-off switches. In digital computers, even letters, words, and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a range by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. A digital computer, even though it may work considerably faster, can only perform one calculation at any one instant. A digital computer works with discrete numbers. Digital computers are the most used computer for reports, documentation, billing, and other graphical work. The entire PC used today in different fields is the microcomputers. 

Hybrid Computer

The good qualities of analog and digital computers are combined on hybrid computers. These are used in the Intensive Care Unit of the hospital. Jet Planes and other data analysis terminals. Hybrid computers transfer the data from analog to digital and digital to analog and vice versa. Consider that the nervous system in animals is a form of hybrid computer. In a hybrid computer, a digital computer that accepts analog signals converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. This integration is obtained by digital to analog and analog to digital converter. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost-effective method of performing complex simulations. A hybrid computer capable of the real-time solution has been less expensive than any equivalent digital computer. Hybrid computers have been necessary for successful system development. An example of a hybrid computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.

Computers are mainly classified into specific purpose and general-purpose computers. The specific purpose computers are Supercomputer, Hybrid computer, etc. General-purpose computers are all digital

Digital Computer

Digital computers deal with discrete or discontinuous data. Data will be in the form of binary digits 0 and 1 and all the operations are based on these two extreme values 0 and 1 representing on and off stages in terms of voltage. Digital computers are more accurate and used for general purposes. Most of the computers are digital computers. Varieties of tasks can be done by using a digital computer. These are used in education, business activities, scientific applications, etc.

Computers that use binary digits to display discrete information is called a digital computer. A computer that stores data in terms of binary digits (0 and 1) and proceeds in discrete steps from one state to the next. Information is in discrete form. It displays information in the form of text, graphics, and pictures. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in storage medium on-off switches. In digital computers, even letters, words, and whole texts are represented digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a range by assigning large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. A digital computer, even though it may work considerably faster, can only perform one calculation at any one instant. A digital computer works with discrete numbers. Digital computers are the most used computer for reports, documentation, billing, and other graphical work. The entire PC used today in different fields is the microcomputers. 

Hybrid Computer

The hybrid computer has the characteristics of both analog and digital computers. This type of computer can deal with continuous and discrete data. Hence it is called the hybrid computer. Hybrid computes is specific purpose computers or not a general-purpose computer. Hybrid computers are used in the medical field, aeronautics, weather forecasting, etc.

The good qualities of analog and digital computers are combined on hybrid computers. These are used in the Intensive Care Unit of the hospital. Jet Planes and other data analysis terminals. Hybrid computers transfer the data from analog to digital and digital to analog and vice versa. Consider that the nervous system in animals is a form of hybrid computer. In a hybrid computer, a digital computer that accepts analog signals converts them to digital and processes them in digital form. This integration is obtained by digital to analog and analog to digital converter. A hybrid computer may use or produce analog data or digital data. It accepts a continuously varying input, which is then converted into a set of discrete values for digital processing A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost-effective method of performing complex simulations. A hybrid computer capable of the real-time solution has been less expensive than any equivalent digital computer. Hybrid computers have been necessary for successful system development. An example of a hybrid computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient. Hybrid Machines are generally used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes.

Computers are mainly classified into specific purpose and general-purpose computers. The specific purpose computers are Supercomputer, Hybrid computer, etc. General-purpose computers are all digital computers.

General-purpose computer

A computer that performs a variety of processing tasks with almost the same efficiency is called a general-purpose computer. It requires loading an appropriate program for performing each particular task. Some features of these computers are given below.

1. They perform a wide variety of processing tasks. They perform any kind of job with equal frequency.
2. They are most common.
3. They are digital computers.

SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

A specials purpose computer is built to handle a specific task. This means that the programs are fixed for the machine. For example, a modern microwave oven may contain a computer device that is programmed to accept the cooking option which the user chooses, and direct the machine accordingly. The special-purpose computers are of following features.

1. They are fundamentally the same as a general-purpose computer.
2. They are programmed for a specific purpose. They cannot perform another kind of job with equal efficiency.
3. They are used in a variety of consumer products, microwaves, telephone, washing machines, etc/
4. They cannot perform another kind of job with equal efficiency.

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